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HPV prevalence in invasive penile cancer and association with clinical outcome

Penile cancer risks can be increased by a number of causes such as smoking, phimosis, poor hygiene, multiple sexual partners and history of gential warts or other sexually transmitted diseases. It has been found that circumcised men have a lower...

Read all about it Sep/Oct 2020

Read all about it... It can be awkward when a patient asks you about a report in their favourite tabloid detailing an amazing research breakthrough or a ‘cutting-edge’ new treatment / test and you don’t know what they are talking...

HIV / AIDS – implications for the urologist

“It’s no fun to have HIV even though it’s viewed as a chronic, controllable disease. It means being wedded to the health system.” - Philip Berger, Associate Professor in the Department of Family and Community Medicine, Toronto, Canada; and leading...

Sexually transmitted infections

Case 1 A 27-year-old man presents to the clinic with multiple asymptomatic penile lesions. 1. What is the diagnosis? 2. What are the likely pathogens which cause these lesions? 3. What treatment options are available to treat these lesions? 4....

Penile cancer: a practical approach

Penile cancer is rare and accounts for less than 1% of all new cancer cases in males in the UK, with around 640 new cases diagnosed every year [1]. In England and Wales, the annual incidence is between 1.2 and...

Medical statistics for urologists: part 3 – diagnostic testing

Following on from the first two parts of this series (see Part 1 here, and Part 2 here), this final article aims to demonstrate how the theory of statistics applies to medical diagnostics. Probability in diagnostic testing Diagnostic tests refer...

HIV-related stone disease – a potential new paradigm?

This paper discusses the management of patients with stone disease and HIV. The chronic nature of HIV infection is due in large part to the effectiveness of anti-retroviral therapies (ART). However, the role of protease inhibitors has been widely discussed...

Prostatic artery embolisation – an option for select BPO patients

Few proponents of prostatic artery embolisation (PAE) regard it as a potential standard in future for benign prostatic obstruction (BPO) / benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) treatment. Present guidelines from the National Institute for Health & Care Excellence (NICE) and the...

Penile cancer

Case 1 A 67-year-old man presents with a worsening red patch over the past three months. It looks velvety in some areas. What is the most likely diagnosis? What are the risk factors? How do you classify this condition? How...

Urethral pathology

Case 1 A 43-year-old lady presents with urinary incontinence and vaginal pain associated with intercourse. An initial CT scan is performed. Case courtesy of Radswiki, Radiopaedia.org, rID: 12056. Case courtesy of Radswiki, Radiopaedia.org, rID: 12056 What is the clinical diagnosis...

Artificial penile pearls: what every Urologist should know!

Penile implants are inert objects placed beneath the skin of the penis through an incision. These are variously referred to as Yakuza beads, pearls, ball bearings, speed bumps, penile marbles, inserts, etc. The term ‘penile implant’ described here should not...

Clinical trials 1

Clinical Trials 2 is available here. Case 1 1. What are the levels of clinical evidence based on the 2009 definitions from the ‘Oxford CEBM’? 2. What is the null hypothesis? 3. What are type 1 and type 2 errors?...