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Medical statistics for urologists: part 2 – probability and hypothesis testing
Following on from Part 1 of this series (Part 3 available here), this article aims to build on other analytical techniques commonly used within medical research, focusing on simple examples. Probability and testing Before exploring hypothesis testing, it is vital...
Does stable or decreasing hydronephrosis on ultrasound lead to stable or improved function on diuretic renography?
Antenatal hydronephrosis is noted in approximately 1% of all pregnancies. Persistent renal obstruction may lead to progressive loss of renal function. Renal ultrasound (USS) is the preferred modality for diagnosis and monitoring of paediatric hydronephrosis as it is non-invasive, non-ionising,...Infections and inflammation: Part 2
See also Part 1 and Part 3. Case 1 A 43-year-old lady presented to the urologist with a history of pain during bladder filling and associated frequency / urgency. She underwent standard microbiological and radiological investigations that are normal. She...Klinefelter’s syndrome
Klinefelter’s syndrome (KF) is the most frequent sex chromosome abnormality with an estimated prevalence of 1 in 500 to 1 in 700 newborn males and 1 in 10 in men with azoospermia. While the majority of cases are an XXY...Millions of women in their 40s are SUFFERING with bladder leakage
Two thirds of women over 40 are currently SUFFERING with bladder leakage – with many feeling EMBARRASSED and DEPRESSED as a direct result, a study found. The condition, which can be caused by childbirth and often develops as women get older, is believed to affect MILLIONS of females - of all ages.Consent Part 2
See Part 1 on this topic here Case 1 A 77 year old lady presents to the Emergency Department confused and generally unwell. She is septic and, on imaging, is found to have a 9mm obstructing right sided proximal ureteric...Neurourology
Case 1 What are the urological indications for use of this medication? What is the mechanism of action when used in the bladder? What is the average duration of action? What are the contraindications to the use of this medication?...Urinary tract stones
Case 1 What does this plain X-ray of kidneys, ureters and bladder (KUB) show? What, according to the 2009 The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines, is the most appropriate first-line treatment? What factors do the NICE...Technology – Part 1
Case 1 What is this and what material is it made from? What property of the catheter does the size refer to? What is the relationship between French size and diameter? What is a biofilm? How can you reduce catheter...
Keep it simple: a proposal for a new definition of uncomplicated and complicated UTIs
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common bacterial infections in both community and healthcare settings, leading to frequent antibiotic use. They range widely in severity, from mild cases like cystitis to severe, potentially life-threatening conditions such as...Urinary retention in women: what a general urologist should know
Urinary retention (UR) is classified by the International Continence Society (ICS) into acute (AUR) and chronic (CUR). AUR is defined as the “inability to pass any urine despite having a full bladder which is painfully distended and readily palpable or...
